Interpretations of the Reichstag Fire

i) Van der Lubbe was a madman, and he set fire to the Reichstag all by himself, but the Nazis genuinely believed the fire was the start of a Communist uprising. ii) The Reichstag Fire was started by the Nazis to give them an excuse to take emergency powers and lock up or kill the Communists. Van der Lubbe was used by the Nazis. Which interpretation is best supported by the evidence in these sources and your knowledge of the period? Explain your answer. It's difficult to incline the balance to any of both interpretations because both of them have evidence to backup them. Source A for instance, supports the first interpretation, it suggests that Lubbe acted a lone and Diels to backup his words tells that it would be easily set the fire because the old furniture, dry wood, and heavy curtains would made the fire spread rapidly, while Lubbe could be starting fires elsewhere in the building running through the long corridors. In the other hand Source I contradict directly the other source, because it says that a man who was handicapped both physically and mentally, without knowledge of the place and with the brief time given couldn't possibly set the fire on its own. As we can see both of the sources use well supported theories, however, Source I seems to be best well supported because despite the inflammable materials which were there, he was handicapped, didn't know the place and he didn't even have time, also, Source I its from an history book what suggest me that the theory would been well studied by historians to arrive that conclusion. In support of statement i) Source B shows Lubbe's confession which tells â€Å"I set fire to the Reichstag all by myself†, here we could say that Lubbe set the fire on his own, and due to his madness he could set the fire on his own for then boast about his â€Å"great job†. However there are too many reasons were he could be lying to take in favour this source, he could be protecting communists, or maybe under pressure by the own Nazis, or simply despite he was helped he would preferred to tell everyone he set the fire on himself to â€Å"show off†. In the other hand, we have other sources suggesting that the Nazis were implicated in the fire, Source E for example shows General Franz telling that on Hitler's birthday three years before, Goring said â€Å"The only one who really knows about the Reichstag building is I, for I set fire to it†, General Franz could have reasons to tell the truth because know he didn't have any kind of Nazi pressure on him and also he might had nothing to loose. Anyway, he also could be lying show the reliability here is very questionable, he could be telling that for saving himself, to revenge on him. However, it was at Hitler's birthday, so Goring could been easily drunk and say that in a joke (despite there was the possibility that the alcohol could make say what he shouldn't say). Goring in Source F describes of â€Å"ridiculous† the statement before, he could be telling the truth and said that in sense of a joke while he was drunk, which explains why he didn't remember nothing he said, so maybe the two are telling the truth – Halder could take too seriously what for Goring was a joke while he was drunk to make some fun on Hitler's birthday. However it Halder was telling the truth and Goring said that seriously its obvious that Goring would have defend himself as shown in Source F. Most likely Halder could misunderstand Goring's joke so the value of his evidence could hardly support the second statement. D and G are two of the less reliable Source shown here, they are both pieces of propaganda by blaming the enemy for the fire. The two of them were published in convenience of the party and both of them lack of evidence to backup them so we cannot consider them seriously. It appears that Source H the best well supported source contradicting the second statement though its took from an history book so the evidence on it is most likely to be true. It suggest that the Nazis didn't expected the fire at all because the measures taken after it couldn't be plan, most importantly the fact that the Nazi party had to use out-of-date lists to arrest the communists and that the Nazis had hoped to destroy the Communists after the election (however, this last statement is very subjective). Obviously, the Nazis would have made ample preparations if they planned the fire and this source shows they didn't, this possibly one of the bests pieces of evidence (if we assume the book is telling the truth) against the theory that the Nazis were behind the fire. In conclusion we can say that none of both interpretations is more supported by the sources than other because they almost balance equally with sources in favour or against. We have to say that some sources suggest that that Lubbe didn't acted alone which in the same way that suggests that could been helped by communists they could be also helped by the Nazis. The most important thing is the weight and reliability that each source have, and all of them have reasons to not be true. For my interpretation of the sources and my knowledge it would be more likely that the Nazis took part in the fire. The first statement isn't very well supported because despite the evidence in their favour (such the fact that the fire could be spread very rapidly due to the materials inside) Van der Lubbe couldn't make such a high damage and devastation as shown in source J, it's very hard to believe that all that damage could be done a person who hardly had any time (before being caught), who didn't have any knowledge of the place, and who had a severe sight problem and so mentally ones. The curious thing that makes you think is that the fire was made just one week before the elections, very possibly the Nazis could have planned the fire as an excuse to use the emergency powers, by blaming the Communists of an uprising and so crushing the opposition in favour for their elections. Because we got to remember that Hitler's greatest fear at that time was the Communism.

Globalisation †for and against essay Essay

In last few years we hear more and more about phenomenon called globalisation. But what we can understand under this notion? Globalisation is the process of international integration based on interchange of world views, products, ideas and cultures. The result of this occurrence is forming one, big world, in which people live together, like a one nation. In my essay, I will show arguments for and against globalization. A major advantages of globalization is a social and economic progress for developing countries. We can have availability of global brands and products. Because of globalization we can notice progress in technology and communication advances. What is more, globalization give us opportunities to work or study abroad, which are a big chance for young people to meet new friends and get new experiences. It is also a chance for poorer countries to benefit from investment as a result of globalization. On the other hand, globalization has some disadvantages. It exposes the gap between rich and poor – rich countries can have theirs cheap goods from poorer countries. They exploit workers. Also, we can see that globalization destroys local cultures and traditions. People don’t feel their membership to countries where they were born and grew up. To sum up, it is hard to say if globalization has more advantages then disadvantages. In my opinion, pros and cons equilibrate. Globalisation is about progress in new technology and products. But is destroy peoples nationalities and make them multisocial. Globalisation – for and against essay In last few years we hear more and more about phenomenon called globalisation. But what we can understand under this notion? Globalisation is the process of international integration based on interchange of world views, products, ideas and cultures. The result of this occurrence is forming one, big world, in which people live together, like a one nation. In my essay, I will show arguments for and against globalization. A major advantages of globalization is a social and economic progress for developing countries. We can have availability of global brands and products. Because of globalization we can notice progress in technology and communication advances. What is more, globalization give us opportunities to work or study abroad, which are a big chance for young people to meet new friends and get new experiences. It is also a chance for poorer countries to benefit from investment as a result of globalization. On the other hand, globalization has some disadvantages. It exposes the gap between rich and poor – rich countries can have theirs cheap goods from poorer countries. They exploit workers. Also, we can see that globalization destroys local cultures and traditions. People don’t feel their membership to countries where they were born and grew up. To sum up, it is hard to say if globalization has more advantages then disadvantages. In my opinion, pros and cons equilibrate. Globalisation is about progress in new technology and products. But is destroy peoples nationalities and make them multisocial.

American Women in World War II

At the beginning of the Second World War, American citizens had a sense of unity. Men choose to enter the forefront off work and family, but women leave home for the first time and inherit the work left by their husbands. In 1943, many magazines chose to draw women's diligence. These articles concentrate their story on working women and make their non-traditional work better. If they make these small and hardworking jobs exciting and noble, they may think that more women will start participating in the work. Prior to World War II, Hispanic women were reluctant to work at home and were more irritated than other American women. During World War II, the widespread change in the role of women as a result of the necessity of family labor affected the role of Spanish women who served as secretary and nurse, Isabel Solis-Thomas and Elvia Solis was born in Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico. The Solis family moved to the United States and moved to Brownsville, Texas. When World War II broke out, the two sisters voluntarily became roses from women of all races across the country, welded the pipes, and repaired the cargo ship. Mrs. Thomas Solis said recruiters wanted to climb a dangerous place on the ship to short skin, short skin women. She stated that he worked 9 hours a day, 6 days a week, beating and sealing the steel bar accurately and intentionally. An American woman of Asian Americans entered the military service for the first time during the Second World War. The Women Army (WAC) recruited fifty Japanese American women and Chinese American women, sent them to the military information service language school in Snellingburg, Minnesota, and received military translation training. In 1943, the Women Army recruited a Chinese-American woman to serve as aerial WAC. Air Force WAC provides various tasks such as interpretation of aerial photography, air traffic control, weather forecast.

Research problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research problems - Assignment Example RAID level 0 lacks redundancy and fault tolerance and therefore a permanent data loss often occurs when one drive fails. On the other hand, a complete data loss can only occur on RAID level 5 in the event of two or more drive failures. RAID level 5 has improved fault tolerance and can only experience a permanent data loss when 3 or more drives in the array are lost. Lastly, RAID 10 provides a very high redundancy and fault tolerance but a failure of more than one disk in each sub array may result in a permanent data loss. I would recommend RAID level 5 for a web site that is backed up daily and changed frequently because it offers more fault tolerance, storage efficiency and the high performance required by the web servers. On the other hand, I would recommend the use of RAID level 10 for an array holding transaction data for an e-commerce site that is backed up daily because RAID level 10 provides sufficient redundancy to protect the sensitive transaction data (Delmar, 2003). Both the two giant computer vendors, Hewlett-Packard and Dell have developed a number of Storage area networking (SAN) and Network Automatic systems (NAS) products with different performance, costs and storage capabilities. For example, hp has recently introduced SAN and NAS solutions known as â€Å"Left Hand† and the products are mainly built on open network architecture. On the other hand, Dell is offering Equallogic as well as EQL PS6510E and NX3000 line NAS solutions. In terms of configurations costs, HP’s left hand products are generally more expensive and configuring a left hand device to store 2 TB of data and respond to requests from 8 other servers will require approximately $15. Dell’s Equallogic devices are however cheaper and a system that can store the same capacity and respond to the similar number of servers will cost roughly between $ 10 and $ 12 on average. It is however worth noting

Market Foods Corporation in Ecuador Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Market Foods Corporation in Ecuador - Essay Example Eating habits and approach to food will be different in Singapore and Ecuador and hence the Market Food Corporation must account for those things while formulating management strategies for Ecuador. Even the same service needs different management styles and marketing strategies in different countries in order to succeed because of the difference in the culture. Only those entrepreneurs who study these differences will succeed in their overseas projects. Product, Price, Placement, and Promotion (4P’s of business/marketing) must be taken into consideration by Market Foods in their proposed hawker stall operations in Ecuador. Right product, at the right time, in the right place, with right promotional activities will always be successful in the market and Market Foods Corporation must formulate a well thought out strategy for Ecuador based on the above assumption. Management structure is also important for the success of international business. Locals must be given priority in all the international activities because of their immense knowledge about h the local market and culture. Promotional activities and advertisements for hawker stalls in Ecuador also must focus on the Ecuadorian culture rather than the global culture. â€Å"As the world shrinks, so marketing opportunities expand. Radical advances in communication and transportation bring markets closer-the skill lies in identifying the areas of greatest potential profit, and developing global strategies that still function effectively in meeting local needs† (International marketing review) We are living in a world of Globalization and Liberalization which tries to visualize the whole world as one and to bring the whole people/countries under the roof of one umbrella. Globalization has opened the doors widely open for business community as they can market their

Qualitive Critique Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qualitive Critique - Article Example However, as mentioned above that non probability sampling is more visible in the text, thus is applied the method seems apt for the study. f) Nothing specific about the demographic characteristics have been mentioned, apart from the fact that the profession chosen by respondents is ‘nursing’. No information regarding income, age, gender differentiation as such is provided. i) Yes the potential sampling biases have been identified, segregating the same into different concepts of manifest and latent content. However no exact biasness for selecting particular group of nurses has been mentioned. a) The research clearly defines the kind of data collected from respondents that includes ‘the images of the nursing profession’ and ‘the reasons for choosing nursing as a profession’. The data was collected through respondent’s interaction during classroom session; the respondent himself collected the data at the college level in the classroom. Exact time and date of the data collected is not mentioned though in the study. a) The research lacks a grounded platform as no signs of data collection methods have been indicated. Detailed description of data collection method is not evident from the analysis done, however a slight mention of narrative gathered through respondents is made in the study. b) In this study surely data analysis technique is focused but no details regarding data collection method is cited. The research questions are qualitative in nature, but the testing of the data collection tool, that is whether it is through questionnaire or observation or interview method cannot be defended. c) Certainly a physiological method would have been of great help in this study specifically where narrative strategy is used for data analysis and the author has also attached a self report defining the procedure in which the content analysis was undertaken. d) As such no particular

St. Joan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

St. Joan - Essay Example The various characters that come into contact with her, from common soldiers to the Dauphin, are often moved to respond to her magnetism and her unshakeable faith. Joan affects people strongly with her charisma and her conviction in the rightness of her way. As Bertrand de Poulengey says in wonder, â€Å"There is something about the girl† (Scene I). John de Stogumber is an English chaplain and the representative of the Cardinal of Winchester in the English camp. Although his pride in being an Englishman leads to his hatred for Joan, her martyrdom becomes the epiphany which transforms his character. The ruling trait of the Chaplain’s personality is his pride in being an Englishman and in his aristocratic lineage. In fact, Shaw introduces him in the drama as a â€Å"bullnecked English chaplain† (Scene IV). De Stogumber contemptuously dismisses Dunois as being â€Å"only a Frenchman† (Scene IV). His pride borders on bigotry: it can even be said that Shaw pain ts this ‘super patriot’ with more than a touch of the comic. The Chaplain definitely appears as a comic figure when he asserts that the voices heard by Joan â€Å"should have spoken in English† (Scene VI). His horror at Englishmen being designated as heretics is also comical. His partisan leanings lead him to accuse Bishop Cauchon of being a traitor. When the Inquisition attempts to lead Joan into repentance, de Stogumber declares, â€Å"I know there is not faith in a Frenchman† (Scene VI). He cannot accept the fact that â€Å"we English have been defeated† or â€Å"bear to see my countrymen defeated by a parcel of foreigners† (Scene IV). This stubborn belief in the courage and invincibility of the English leads him to search for supernatural causes for their defeat. He claims, â€Å"No Englishman is ever fairly beaten† (Scene IV). His blind belief in the invincibility of the English is instrumental in fanning the flames of his hatred of Joan. John de Stogumber hates Joan with a passion which is almost incomprehensible. He holds her responsible for the defeat of the English army and firmly believes that such a thing could only have been accomplished with the help of diabolic powers. He is willing to throw away his cassock to take arms and â€Å"strangle the accursed witch with my own hands† (Scene IV). His strong language regarding Joan unequivocally demonstrates his hatred of The Maid: she is â€Å"an arrant witch† and â€Å"that slut† (Scene IV). At the same time, his hatred also extends to her French nationality, and has a touch of class snobbery. He calls her â€Å"a witch from lousy Champagne,† and â€Å"a drab from the ditches of Lorraine† (Scene IV). Of all her supposed crimes, the one de Stogumber cannot bring himself to forgive is â€Å"her great rebellion against England† (Scene IV). Joan represents France, rebellion against the old order, and everything that is anti-English. The Chaplain hates her so much that he declares his willingness to burn her with his own hands. It is de Stogumber who â€Å"rushes at her, and helps the soldiers to push her out† to the courtyard and the stake (Scene VI). He is the foremost of her enemies. It is at the stake that John de Stogumber experiences the epiphany which transforms him. The man who shouts â€Å"Light your fire, man. To the stake with her,† and rushes to be the first to witness the burning, becomes the man who comes back â€Å"

How the book canterbury tales reflects its time Essay

How the book canterbury tales reflects its time - Essay Example All these experiences trained him to be a poet of men as he appeared eventually in the Canterbury Tales. In the Canterbury Tales he fixed up the spirit of his age for future generations to observe and appreciate. In the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer is almost silent about the very stirring historic and political events of his age (Phillips 27). Chaucer does of course casually refer to some of these events, but there is no full length treatment of any of them. The Peasant’s Revolt is referred to in the Nun’s Priest’s Tale. The Battles of Crecy and Poietiers are glanced at elsewhere. The allusion to the Black Death comes in Chaucer’s character sketch of the Doctor of Physic in the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. There is then a latent reference to Lollardism in the delineation of the Poor Parson who like a Lollard believed in simple living and high thinking. Chaucer’s subtlety with the treatment of historical events could be attributed to his concern as a poet, with the dateless and universal aspects of human nature. The Canterbury Tales gives us a fairly authentic and equally extensive picture of the socio-political conditions prevailing in England in the age of Chaucer (Schoeck & Taylor 31).

Comparison and critique of two English article Essay

Comparison and critique of two English article - Essay Example This shows how well informed the author is on issues affecting the English language. It is in relation to the command that ethos are applied to make the article appealing to the audience and the reader because, projects valid arguments backed by valid references into the history of language. On the other hand, â€Å"I h8 txt msgs: How texting is wrecking our language† by John Humphrys also bears a form of ethos by referring to everyday events that the audience and readers of the article can easily relate (Humphrys). This is concerning texting and the influence it has on the daily use of language in today’s society. However, it fails to some extent to provide a strong argument for the degradation of language by texting. The above is due to the constant referral to personal opinions, albeit true, and over emphasis on a single consequence of texting. This is concerning the bias he has against violation of language rules rather that the positive side of ease in communication that texting has brought with it. Emotionally, none of the two articles is appealing to the audience if looked at in critical level. The only emotion elicited from both is that of sympathy directed at the mutilation of language especially in the texting article by John Humphrys. The article by Steven Pinker does little to capture the emotions of the audience except by giving hope of the language not dying, which elicits a sense of relief (Pinker). The purpose of both papers varies depending on the article; this is due to the target audience and the intended response from the audience. Pinker’s article dwells more on the hope that exists for the English language, as opposed to the dangers that English as a language faces in terms of extinction due to mutilation and evolution. In relation to the application of logic, Pinker does well by relating his ideas based on systematic thought. This occurs due to the numerous deductions that he makes based on the daily life occurrences, as

Should judges be elected, appointed, or selected on merit Essay

Should judges be elected, appointed, or selected on merit - Essay Example I believe that the merit based selection of judges is best as it would primarily rely on its legal expertise for judgment leading to sentencing. The role of judges is paramount in the legal arena. The need for independence in imposing sentences in offences becomes a crucial issue. The accountability to public opinion in cases directly linked to public welfare is an issue that frequently influences the selection pattern or raises controversy. The responsiveness to public opinion is deemed important but at the same time, the need to remain within the broader precinct of law and constitution is integral part of justice. The judges who are selected through merit are prone to follow law and their judgment and sentences are based on legal statutes and clauses that cut across race, color, culture and socio-political leanings (O’Connor, 2010). This is fundamental to justice system that is not influenced by outside pressure, be it public opinion. The merit system of selection is also commendable because it ensures that selection of judges is done through a nominating committee which comprises of eminent lawyers and non lawyers of public repute. The list of judges is forwarded to governor who appoints a judge from the list for a defined period. The second term of the judge is through election which the public can appropriately elect if it finds his/her performance up to its expectations. This is a critical parameter that gives public the right to oust the judge if the performance evaluation or the meritocracy level of judgment is found to be below par. Most importantly, the merit based selection promotes independence in judiciary that discourages political interference and undue pressure that could influence justice (Cann, 2007). It also helps to appoint judges from sectors like minority and women who may otherwise be sidetracked by the vested interests. It also gives equal opportunities to

Transition metals Essay Example for Free

Transition metals Essay Iron is a transition element. A transition element is an element that forms at least one ion with a partially file d orbital1. Transition metals have several different oxidation states, so can be oxidized and reduced. Oxidizing the Fe2+ will make it Fe3+, and it will lose an electron. Fe3+ e- + Fe3+ Reducing Fe3+ will bring it back to Fe2+, as it will gain an electron. Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ I have been given a solution containing between 1. 1g and 1. 3g of iron ions, a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+. To work out how much Iron(II) and Iron(III) is in the mixture, I will start with a titration. I will determine the amount of Fe2+ in the mixture originally by titrating with potassium permanganate, and therefore oxidising the Fe2+ to Fe3+. Potassium permanganate, KMnO4, is self indicating, so when the oxidation point is reached, it changes brown. Then I will reduce the Fe3+ back to Fe2+ with zinc powder and work out the amount of Fe2+ in the remaining mixture by titrating the new mixture against approximately 0. 1 molar potassium permanganate. Then Fe2+ mass in 2nd solution Fe2+ mass in 1st solution = Mass of Fe2+ originally in the solution. This experiment will only give me the Mass of Fe2+ in the solution, so the Fe3+ will need to be worked out by subtracting the Mass off the Fe2+ from the 200cm3 solution used at the beginning. Water solubility: moderate, produces solutions which are intensely coloured, even when quite dilute Specific gravity: 2. 70 Principal hazards This material is harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It is also harmful if absorbed through the skin. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent and may react very exothermically with organic materials. Safe handling Wear safety glasses and keep the solid or solution from contact with the skin.. Take care not to allow the solid to come into contact with flammable materials. Emergency Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for medical help. Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin appears damaged, call for medical aid. If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help. Disposal Small amounts of very dilute potassium permanganate solution can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. More concentrated solutions and waste solid should be retained for disposal by those in charge of the laboratory. Protective equipment Safety glasses. Protective gloves should not normally be necessary. If they are to be used, nitrile will provide some protection, but may degrade upon contact with solid or solution, so should be checked regularly and replaced if damage is apparent.

How have cultures from the ‘west’ been represented in the ‘east’ Essay Example for Free

How have cultures from the ‘west’ been represented in the ‘east’ Essay Fundamentally the term culture means to cultivate but on other hand this word also contains some other meanings and definitions as well. Number of writers and author worked and surveyed on the actual definition of culture and in year 1952 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde has presented approximately 164 defamations of this word â€Å"culture†. If we focus these definitions and research work by our well-known authors then we can came to know the fact that culture is simply the critical review of concepts and definitions that people have. Along with this the fact has also been revealed that culture can be presented and illustrated with three different approaches like the taste in fine arts and humanities is one of the significant ways of defining one’s culture or perspective. Similarly values, goals and attitudes are also used in illustrating the cultural values. (Bryan 1963) Beside above mentioned points the human knowledge , belief and the attitudes are also used in promoting culture as these things has the power and capacity to define the thoughts and ideas of people. Later after finding numerous definition of culture in twentieth century this word emerges out with new concepts as the focus point of anthropology, which means that culture is a word that is actually composed of all the actions and thoughts that is performed by human anywhere in the world and all these behaviors does not have any sort of relation with the genetics. In West, this word has its own meaning as they have their own approaches and thoughts regarding this term, as according to them culture basically defines two things that include the human experience, imaginations and incidents which occurs with them and later they present those things according to their art and used their power of creativity as well. (Alan Bryan 1963) Similarly they illustrated the meaning of culture by presenting the idea that in this entire world there are number of people who have their own way and manners of living and with their own ideas, experience and conditions they define their own meaning of culture as the way of defining culture varies from place to place and from people to people as well. But later after the World War 2 numerous authors reformed the definition of culture and the style they had presented it was also changed and among those authors albeit played a significnat role as in this era his work and ideas are still followed and apprectiated. Besides these above mentioned definition when we go though numerous research paper and studies of different authors from all over the world we came to know the fact that number of artist were born in west side and presented beautiful and unique work that portrayed their thoughts regarding culture and numerous other things. Among these beautiful and talented artist Hansen is a significant name. This man was born in year 1960 in West area where the natural beauty, purity and environment was so attractive that form the early stage this boy started visioning, drawing and portraying his cultural beauty in a marvelous manner. Hansen completed his educational career and returned to homeland in 1990, but during his early days of schooling this young boy started painting in year 1969, after that he went abroad to study mechanical design as well. Later he came back to America and served this country as a technical drawing specialist. Ms Georgian was the lady who impressed Hansen and he want himself to work and serve the idea of culture through his talent and skills of painting and drawing. He has developed his own unique sense of styling which reflects his philosophical mind as well. As time passes this young boy’s skills in promoting culture were notified by numerous people and his professional career started in which he designed numerous spectacular designs in the boating industry. The concept of portraying culture in such manner was so much appreciated by people that the technique of introducing abstract and cubist was later adopted by the artist of East as well. Beside Hansen’s work numerous other artist work and thought are adopted by the people of East. Christians also played a vital role in promoting cultural values and portraying them in such a manner that it was appreciated by the entire world. And among there marvelous work the oldest and the most symbolic thing is the cross sign which is known as the sign of Christian’s faith. The idea of presenting cross sign has played a significant role in numerous other cultures as well. People from different region especially from east side have adopted it as well and defines their own meaning of this symbol. If we go through to the detail and deep knowledge of this cross then we came to know numerous facts regarding it as it was revealed that through ages and centuries people are using and following this cross sign to protect themselves from illness, to have good fortune, and to show their respect to their religion and numerous other things as well. After the great success of promoting culture is such manner numerous other artists has developed countless version of its, which include X-Shaped St. Andrews cross and the T-shaped teau-cross as well. Beside this, the people of Greek have used this symbol in order to represent the four cardinal directions as well or we can say that they tried to represent the four basic elements which include earth, wind, water and fire. Other than this, the people of India have used this symbol as well in order to show the four main directions of heavens. Similarly, the people of Africa has designed cross roads and there concept of it is that these crossroads are places where the world of living and dead meet. In addition with this, numerous Eastern artists used this shaped to promote their cultural jewelry as well. Along with above mentioned things, Eastern people have also discovered new and interesting things in Japan by following the writings of Shakespeare as they had focused the plays of him and started studying the canonical values of his theater and implement the thoughts and ideas in order to promote the cultural things. Similarly, the people of Japan also have a great history in promoting cultural things through different and unique ideas such as the monster is one of the significant thing that Japanese promotes in their culture which was actually the creation of human imagination which resemble numerous things at different points like people, other animals or well –known objects as well. (Kuncaraningrat 1985) The artist of West promote their cultural values and things by numerous ways and among them music is the major source. With the help of unique and different musical instruments they define their thoughts and ideas regarding their culture. All sort of music either rock, pop or slow all were used to promote culture. In addition with these the artist of West also launched numerous sort of games that have music like Krongcong is one of the famous and well-known musical game that was designed in a manner that the music lovers start playing them and the main focus of promoting culture with the help of music will also go on with such innovative discoveries. Similarly along with music, dance is another thing that is used in order to promote culture of West, as it is the best approach of reflecting and showing the diversification of different ethical groups that compose the entire West portion of the world. This technique of promoting culture was adopted by the artist of East as well, as this gave great opportunity to show the traditional and cultural values of one’s states. The people of West also use the source of drama and theaters in order to promote their cultural values, and this technique really works as people form all over the world came to watch such sort of drama that promotes culture and things regarding traditional values. Along with this the people of East represent the culture of West in their region by using the traditional arts things which includes paintings, sculpture and numerous sort of architecture as well. Not only this they also used literature and poetry in order to present the idea and thoughts regarding the culture and traditional values of West. For people who loved food the Eastern group facilitate them by provding and presenting the Western dishes, along with this the more powerful and source that the Eastern people used in order to represent the culture of West in the media, as there is a great number of cinemas within East and these cinemas has played a significant role in spreading every bite of cultural things and cover all the traditional values of the entire West. In previous days, this source did not work as much but at the beginning of year 1980 this platform reaches the peak and concurred the highest level as well. Beside this cinema’s role numerous Eastern artists have played a significant role in order to promote and represent the culture and traditions of West within their country and this medium of representing the culture is very much appreciated by all as in this every age group can find its own interesting things to go for. Other than this, radio network which was formed in year 1945 also played a significant role, especially after 2006 numerous radio channels are launched using Digital Audio Broadcasting and Hybrid system that are also facilitating in promoting the cultural values all over the East. But all these above mentioned approaches had a positive result till political issues do not arise. In early days if we go through the detail representation techniques of promoting and showing culture of West in East we came to know that its result is very much effective as long as it was concerned as the homogenous population things towards mass production. This multiculturalism has worked for a long time in order to show the Western European society. The people of French also liked and welcomed this sort of representation and wrote numerous theories on it and named such things as a class struggle which highlighted the real charm, beauty as well as the weakness, along with this such representation also include ethics, religion and race issues but this thought of promoting culture is no more seen due to numerous political issues. Adams 2006) As now people have the idea that political, cultural, social and economical dialogue projects are addressed but should not be exclusively shown in Muslim countries, beside this according to the political rules the training programs, information of technologies and other things should not be shown and promoted on other side rather than West as this cause great trouble to the citizens of the west. Beside this the global conflict is also one of the major reason of promoting culture and traditional things in such a way, as the people of other country did not have the actual idea or right to promote each other cultural values as by this they often show our cultural things in a wrong manner and this cause big issues. According to a survey and research numerous authors wrote things about politicians idea that they have an idea that assimilation model can’t work longer because he people who are from different state are not like us and they have different skin color, they have other religion whose rules are not applicable on us, as we are not of same group, culture, and we does not have same social and traditional values. Similarly the political rules that are governing West also have the idea that we people are from different type of population and thats why we cant work on same issue with hand in hand as these people are living in a territory which has no political representation and they wants to copy our theories and approaches by promoting our cultural and traditional values. (Adams 2006) In a nut shell, we can conclude our paper that the idea of presenting and promoting culture and traditional values of each other provide us great benefit as by this we can come to know the real concepts and ideas of each other, and this thing also facilitate us in getting new approaches as well but this concept that arises in this era that by doing so we people can face numerous difficulties and political issues is not good for both the citizens of West as well as East so we should cover up such issues and focus on the growth and development of cultural as well as other things which is a great need for all of us.

A Research Paper on IFRS and Its Implications

A Research Paper on IFRS and Its Implications International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a comprehensive, globally accepted set of accounting standards utilizing a principles-based approach with a greater emphasis on interpretation and application of those principles, aiming at best reflecting the economic substance of transactions. It is a less extensive body of literature than U.S. GAAP with limited industry guidance and lesser detailed application guidance. IFRS requires a much greater exercise of judgement, supported by detailed analysis and documentation. In other words, U.S. GAAP gives us a detailed instruction to the location where we would like to go where us IFRS will just guide us to the destination by showing us the direction. Today, more than 40% of the Global Fortune 500 are using IFRS. Stock exchanges in the 85 countries that require IFRS comprise 35% of the global market capitalization, compared to 25% of the global market capitalization held by U.S. exchanges  [1]  . IFRS is most likely to become mandatory by beginning of 2014. Why IFRS? The question facing companies is not If to adopt IFRS, it is of when and how to adopt IFRS. With so many companies focused on managing through the economic downturn, few leadership teams are eager for one more big thing to do. Especially when that thing involves something as pervasive as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). But IFRS continues to be adopted by jurisdictions around the world. Taking the organization to IFRS will require managing change in multiple areas: technical accounting and tax, internal controls and processes, management and statutory reporting, technology infrastructure, and organizational issues. Theyre all interconnected, which makes things a bit more complicated than imagined. IFRS relies more on general principles than detailed rules and bright lines. This means that the finance people will end up working much more closely with others in the organization to make judgments about accounting based on the underlying economics of transactions. A flurry of operational changes could be triggered by IFRS as well. Companies may have to re-examine contracts and debt agreements, treasury policies, employee benefits, education and training, and communications. Opportunities to centralize statutory accounting functions into shared service centers might also have to be looked at. A revisit of the offshoring, outsourcing, and tax planning decisions might also be required. Principle or Rule Based? At a global symposium held in the month of January where the Peter Wyman, a partner of PwC noticed a sea change in the debate surrounding the adoption of a uniform international accounting standard. The feeling was that IFRS will be adopted across the globe, the issues which were present were only of how it was to be done. There have been primarily been two major approaches to accounting namely rule based and principal based. UK and Europe have a principal based accounting system which allows greater discretion and use of professional judgement. On the other hand, US has been following rule based accounting system which was further strengthened after seeing the light of scandals such as Enron, etc. The major challenge for International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is to adapt IFRS so that it is agreeable to all the parties involved. ACCAs head of financial reporting believes that the use of principles-based approach should be the way forward as principles is a more practical way of pushing standards across the globe. The six accountancy firms which used the symposium to showcase their whitepapers expressed that principle based will limit the size and complexity of the rule book. View from the US According to the director of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), due to the scandals it has become necessary to ensure that regulators dont apply unfair pressure on the people who prepare the accounts. This has led to the development of a culture of Second Guessing which the rule based approach tries to rectify, making it an extended rulebook. The enforcement is also talked of as a problem because Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) does not hesitate to criticize, but empirical data shows that out of the restatement of accounts which were ordered by SEC, very few companies share price showed any movement. View of the Users What the users want is principles based approach because the aim of the financial reports and statements is to give a clear view of the way the company is run and its future prospects for success. Investors are worried that US may influence the new IFRS regime too much and create principles having unending exceptions, clarifications and rules. IASB is consulting all the stakeholders and hearing out the point of view of each one of them. They assure the investors that no party will be able to influence any decision and that they would like to hear to all sides of view before taking any decision. All of the following points towards the steady adoption of IFRS. The greatest danger will be that of to please all the stakeholders. It would be interesting to note what substance US wants to put in the rulebook as US has agreed to adopt IFRS. Benefits From a macroeconomic perspective, the benefits of using one global financial reporting language are evident: increased comparability across global investment options, fewer barriers of entry to non-US markets, and potentially, a lower cost of capital. Moving to a single global accounting and reporting language will also reduce complexity a welcome improvement for the companies that prepare financial reports and for the investors and other stakeholders who rely on them. From a capital markets perspective, many multinational companies believe that IFRS offers an opportunity to lower their cost of capital. Widespread acceptance of IFRS financial statements allows companies to seek capital across a broad base of global funding without having to incur additional-financial reporting costs based on the source of funding. Anticipating increased competition among global investors and financers for attractive investments, strong companies expect their cost of capital to decrease. Because of conversion of major capital markets to IFRS is relatively young, it is too soon to tell whether the decrease in anticipated cost of capital will prove out. However due to the sheer size of most capital raising efforts and long term nature of the payoff, even slight improvements in transaction terms such as interest rates can translate into significant dollar savings. Within individual companies, the ability to centralize and streamline accounting functions and move financial personnel freely around the world will lower costs and strength internal controls. Today multinational corporations with numerous statutory filing requirements around the world need to employ staff with expertise in each national GAAP to prepare filings and then translate financial statements from National GAAP to the parent-company GAAP. Use of IFRS will reduce these reporting efforts and related costs and decrease the risk of errors. IFRS Implementation The change of financial reporting standard is just not of moving from one standard to another, rather it will influence the way in which financial information is shared throughout the organisation. Thus it tells that it will take not just a few weeks before the deadline, it would require significant time and commitment from the management to make the change. Collection of data to prepare the financial reports needed for IFRS will be a very big challenge as the data which will need to be collected has to be reliable and has to be subject to sufficient level of control to be taken as a reportable data. This article talks about two separate but related approaches which needs to operate so as to make the process an effective one: A top down definition of the IFRS reporting requirement where in a thorough understanding of the accounting policies and associated data requirements required to achieve IFRS-compliant financial reporting. This will help develop financial reports early in the conversion process and would help identify the gaps in the available data. A bottom up review at the business unit level of the precise impact of IFRS requirements on individual business processes and financial systems. This would make sure if the reporting requirements could be possible with the right level and quality of information within an acceptable time period. Implementation  [2]   Phase 1: Preliminary study-During this phase, companies perform a broad-based assessment of the impact of IFRS on financial reporting, long-term contracts, supporting business processes, systems and controls, and income tax compliance, planning and reporting. They also determine a strategy for the road ahead. Phase 2: Initial conversion-This phase includes much of the legwork of a conversion effort-setting up and launching the project, thoroughly evaluating the IFRS and US GAAP differences for specific financial statement line items, evaluating accounting policy alternatives, selecting IFRS accounting policies, performing the initial conversion, and creating IFRS financial statements during the dual reporting period. In-depth assessments of operational issues, such as the IFRS impact on significant business contracts (e.g., financing, leasing, joint venture agreements), and income tax compliance and reporting issues also take place during initial conversion. Stakeholder communication should be a constant consideration throughout this phase. Phase 3: Integrate change-Critical to the conversion process is incorporating IFRS changes into the day-to-day operations, processes, and systems of the business (known as embedding). This phase helps to ensure a smooth transition to the new reporting framework so the company can use its new IFRS language on a sustainable basis in a well-controlled environment as of the IFRS adoption date. The role of professional judgment Although many accounting policies will be derived directly from IFRS standards and interpretations, the appropriate way to apply those standards or interpretations might not be obvious in all cases. Because IFRS is less prescriptive than US GAAP, there may be a wider range of acceptability under IFRS in certain areas. Therefore, sound, well-documented professional judgment becomes especially important in an IFRS reporting environment. Management will need to exercise judgment to develop and apply accounting policies that faithfully present the economics of transactions and are decision-useful to the readers of the financial statements. Selection of the most appropriate accounting policies is a critical step, since that decision will impact the company for the foreseeable future. Continual dialogue with the companys independent accountants will leverage their IFRS expertise and ensure that, in principle, they agree with the companys new financial reporting policies. The independent accountants will also want to understand any related changes to internal controls and ensure that the changes are auditable. Keeping independent accountants involved in a timely manner will avoid potential pitfalls later in the conversion process. Implementation Issues Companies beginning to scope their IFRS conversions are often surprised by the volume of disclosures, and how different they are from their national GAAP  [3]  . The data which is required by IFRS is not being collected, even if it is collected; the amount of data being collected is insufficient. According to an executive of BASDA, IFRS will hardly require any changes to the back office systems, whatever changes will be required would be on the reporting side as IFRS according to him focuses on reports. Organisations using Enterprise Resource Planning systems to prepare management accounts will be in a better position to the ones which use different systems for each office or business unit. Recalibration of ERP systems will be relatively easy than to upgrade legacy systems. One of the biggest barriers to conversion identified by a survey conducted by PWC was the alignment of internal reporting systems with the external reporting systems. Looking at IFRS as only a change in reporting could turn out to be very expensive rework for the organisation at a later date. The extent of changes which might be required will depend on the size of the business, the number of applications collecting financial data and the capabilities of the current applications. IFRS implementation could provide a good opportunity for firms to streamline their reporting systems and could provide a good platform for making strategic improvements in the systems, processes and controls. As a lot of vendors have solutions for IFRS, technology will greatly help as an enabler for IFRS. It will also provide a great cost saving opportunity due to standardisation, improved communication, improved controls and better cash management. It concludes by telling us that technology change should not be underestimated and it will be critical for the firm to address the technology point of view early in the process as changes in the systems must be sustained along with a detailed understanding of the new accounting language. Impact of IFRS Convergence to IFRS will greatly enhance an Indian entities ability to raise and attract foreign capital at a low cost. A common accounting language, such as IFRS, will help Indian companies benchmark their performance with global counterparts. There will be escape from multiple reports for global Indian companies that have to prepare their financial statements under multiple GAAPs. With the knowledge of IFRS, the Indian Chartered Accountant would be globally acceptable. Experience has shown that the conversion from Indian GAAP to IFRS requires significant efforts. The preparers, users and auditors continue to encounter practical implementation challenges. Conversion to IFRS is more than a mere technical exercise. The consequences are far wider than financial reporting issues and extend to various significant business and regulatory matters including compliance with debt covenants, structuring of ESOP schemes, training of employees, modification of IT systems and tax planning. Companies also need to communicate the impact of IFRS convergence to their investors to ensure they understand the shift from Indian GAAP to IFRS. IFRS and India As the capital markets become increasingly global in nature, more and more investors see the need for a common set of international accounting standards. About 109 countries presently require or permit use of IFRS in preparation of financial statements in their countries. By 2011, the number is expected to reach 150. In India ICAI has issued a document titled Concept paper on convergence with IFRS in India to evaluate the need for Indian GAAP to change to IFRS. In the paper, the ICAI notes that as the world globalises, it has become imperative for India to make a formal strategy for convergence with IFRS with the objective of harmonise with globally accepted accounting standards. Keeping in view of the complex nature of IFRS, the ICAI in its concept paper has expressed the view that IFRS should be adopted for the public interest entities, banks and insurance entities and large sized entities from the accounting periods beginning on or after 1st April, 2011. The countries which have adopted IFRS have done so for similar type of entities. A few illustrative examples of fundamental changes that can impact wider business considerations have been discussed below. A comparison between IFRS Indian GAAP Let us now take a look at a few illustrative examples of the differences between IFRS and Indian GAAP Revenue Recognition IFRS and Indian GAAP are broadly based on similar principles. IFRS provides more detailed guidance on recognition and measurement of revenue; whereas Indian GAAP is a basic recognition standard. In absence of comprehensive guidance under Indian GAAP, varied practices are being followed by corporate entities based on either legal form or substance of the transaction or past practices. An example would be the guidance on multiple-deliverable contracts especially on the determination of when transactions with multiple deliverables should be separated into components and with the way revenue gets allocated to the different components and focuses on economic substance of the transaction. It also requires revenue to be measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Consolidation Under IFRS, a parent is required to present consolidated financial statements, with limited exception, and presents a standalone financial statements only for a specific purpose. In comparison, Indian GAAP requires use of the consolidation standard when consolidation financial statements are prepared. Under IFRS, the conclusion regarding whether or not to consolidate is premised on the power of a company has to govern the financial and operating policies of another, with consideration of risks and rewards where control is not apparent. In comparison, Indian GAAP follows a simple approach and requires consolidation if the parent entity has majority of voting rights or control over the composition of the board of directors of governing body. Financial Instruments IFRS provides extensive guidance on identification, classification, recognition and measurement of financial instruments. In addition, it provides guidance on derecognition of financial instruments, hedge accounting and has extensive disclosure requirements. At present there is no comprehensive guidance on financial instruments under Indian GAAP, however, the ICAI has approved introduction of standards on financial instruments under Indian GAAP. However, the ICAI has approved introduction of standards of financial instruments similar to IFRS effective from 1st April, 2011. This will bring a fundamental shift from historical cost to fair value accounting resulting in potentially more volatility in the income statement. Certain difference within the financial liabilities and equity arenas are so significant that they may impact how a company choses to finance its operations. Some financial instruments considered as equity under Indian GAAP will need to be treated as debt when classification of these instruments as debt will not impact net assets and debt to equity relationships, but will also result in increased interest expense. Others The move to IFRS will provide extensive guidance and lead to fundamental change in many other areas, such as share-based payments or a change in accounting policy. For Example, a change in accounting policy will no longer be discretionary. Change to a new accounting policy, with limited exception, will be applied retrospectively with restatement of prior period financials. Conclusion We understand that implementing IFRS is imperative for any organization. The earlier organizations recognise the need, opportunities and threats posed, the more beneficial it would be for the organization. By gathering the insight of people who have already experienced IFRS conversions and using tested, proven methods, a company can better focus its efforts. And by keeping abreast of the developing IFRS environment and utilizing the most up-to-date information and advisors, a company can avoid many of the pitfalls that plagued others in the past.

Fate :: Fate Destiny Essays

Fate Webster defines fate as a â€Å" a power thought to control all events and impossible to resist† â€Å"a persons destiny.† This would imply that fate has an over whelming power over the mind. This thing called fate is able to control a person and that person has no ability to change it. Its been proven time and time again that the human mind can over come any obstacle. An asset to the mind is a persons will. With the combination of a person’s mind and their will to decide their own destiny this thing called fate can be over come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people say that a person’s fate is pre destined. That nothing they do in life is by accident and everything that you do has been decided by a higher power. If that were so than why would this being of higher intelligence waste his time on some that he planned out. He already knows how it going to turnout so why even blow centuries of time watching this boring play. I don’t know about you but I someone tells me the ending to the movie then why waste time waiting for what you already know is going to happen. Another popular opinion is that a persons will is stronger than that of any barrier put in his way. That this thing called fate is only an obstacle that can be over passed just by the implement of a person’s mind. This breed of people believes that nothing can control all events and that the mind can resist all temptations if properly trained. I myself have different theory. That yes there is a higher power that puts fate into play. He sits there and watches how his cine will play out. Unlike others I ask myself a question wouldn’t a being of higher power want a little drama a little break from the norm. I believe that he gave us a thing called free will. The ability to put into play our own set of events. If I was a director and I didn’t have to worry about time or money, I would like to see how my movie turned out if I wrote the beginning and let the actors decide the ending.

Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc

Computer Programming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Programming a computer is almost as easy as using one and does not require you to be a math genius. People who are good at solving story problems make good programmers, and others say that artistic or musical talent is a sign of potential programmer. Various computer languages are described, and tips on choosing the right language and learning how to use it are provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Learning how to program is actually easier than many people think. Learning to program takes about the same time as two semesters of a college course. The process of learning to program is uniquely reinforcing, because students receive immediate feedback on their screens. The programming languages Basic, Pascal, C, and Database are discussed; tips on learning the languages are offered; and a list of publishers' addresses is provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way of programming is rapid application  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   development (RAD) has tremendous powers, but it is not without its limits. The two basic advantages RAD tools promise over traditional programming are shorter, more flexible development cycle and the fact that applications can be developed by a reasonably sophisticated end user. The main disadvantage is that RAD tools often require code to be written, which will result in most developers probably having to learn to program using the underlying programming language, except in the case of the simplest applications. The time gained from using a RAD tool can be immense, however: Programmers using IBM's VisualAge report the ability to create up to 80 percent of an application visually, with the last 20 percent consisting of specialized functions, which means by using and IBM program it is much easier because most of the program is graphics which is just point and click to do, and the rest is code, which really isn't much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone who is willing to invest a little time and effort can now write computer programs and customize commercial applications, thanks to new software tools. People can create their own application with such programming languages as Microsoft's Visual Basic for Windows (which is about $130) or Novell's AppWare, part of its PerfectOffice suite. These products enable users to do much of their programming through point-and-click choices without memorizing many complicated commands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Programming can also be very difficult. At least one programming mistake is always made and debugging it can be very hard. Just finding where the problem is can take a long time alone, then if you fix that problem, another could occur. There was a programming involving a cancer-therapy machine, has led to loss of life, and the potential for disaster will increase as huge new software programs designed to control aircraft and the national air-traffic

Cases Reported on Sexual Harassment in Malaysia :: Legal Issues, Misconduct

1.0 Edaran Communication SB lwn Tahar Mohamed (1998) 3 ILR 487 The accused was terminated from his position in the company due to his immoral acts toward his subordinate female workers. According to the Company Second Witness (C2W) who is an officer cleaner, the accused has been harassing her from February until March 1997. The accused has touched her on her shoulder and constantly asking her to go out for a date. However, C2W rejected the invitation every time he asked her and that led to the constant invitations by the accused. In another occasion, C2W was asked by the accused to clean a room in the office was later she found out it do not need to be cleaned. Later, the accused pull her arm and asked her to sit but victim freaked out and leave the room. In the last occasion, the victim was hugged from back while she was performing her duties. All complains showed that the accused has used his superiority to dominate his subordinate. This is a major situation in most sexual harassment cases either in workplace, home and even in universities. Pe ople, who owned a higher degree of authority (usually male) and have a sexual harassing tendency, would use this opportunity as a weapon against his victims. In Edaran Communication, the accused had also harassed the tea-lady (C3W) by holding her hand, constantly inviting her to go out and also inviting her into an empty room which scared the victim that he might harass her. The patterns done were similar to the same pattern done towards C2W. This proved that harasser will copy his previous act toward the other victims if he thinks it will work on her too. The company in this case, Edaran Communication SB has an effective human resources management where the complaint board does not only cover clerical workers and officers but cover the cleaners who are not permanent workers in the company. The victims had made complaints to the board and according to the Company Sixth Witness (C6W), they had called the accused for investigation process. The accused then denied the allegation, and the company asked him to provide a written replied to deny the allegation made but he failed to do so. Later, the company disciplinary board found him guilty for the charges alleged based on evidences provided and he was dismissed. He claimed that the dismissal was unlawful.

Converting Paper Records to a Computer Based Health Record Essay

Traditional utilization of paper based medical records leads to the dispersion of clinical information as a result of the heterogeneous character of hospital systems. Due to this, the development of a clinical information system that can integrate hospital information as well as enable cooperation amongst legacy systems became a difficult task. System integration as well as the development of an efficient clinical information management system was thereby dependent upon the creation of conceptual and architectural tools that will enable such an integration. In line with this, many healthcare institutions are currently seeking to establish the integration of their workstations through the utilization of technological tools. Such tools are effective in the arrangement of clinical matters as well as in the arrangement of administrative and financial information. Clinical information systems are utilized by healthcare institutions in their integration of information. At this point, the utilization of electronic medical systems in healthcare delivery is evident in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden, Hong Kong, Canada, as well as Australia. The current shift from a human memory based paradigm to a technological paradigm can be traced to the recent emphasis given on health care quality improvement and cost reduction. In lieu of this, policymakers started to adopt health information technology such as the Electronic Medical Record (EMR). According to Tim Scott in Implementing an Electronic Medical Record System, most information regarding the use of EMR systems are derived from the Regenstrief Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, the Department of Veterans Affairs, LDS Hospital, and Kaiser Permanente. The information derived from the following medical institutions shows the following. First, success is dependent upon the organizational tools rather than on the type of technology used. Second, minimal changes were noted in terms of increase of quality and efficiency as a result of the system’s adaptation. Such findings thereby led to the slow adoption and implementation of EMR systems since majority of medical institutions as well as healthcare systems required the high verifiability of the system’s utility. True enough, researches within these institutions also showed that EMR systems increase the quality of patient care as it decreases medical errors, however, the economic aspect regarding its use has not been well documented leaving most medical institutions adamant regarding its implementation. In lieu of this, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part will present the rationale behind the formation of the technology based medical paradigm. It will be formulated within the parameters of Thomas Kuhn’s conception of scientific revolutions. The second part present a discussion of the various EMR components and the problems encountered in its implementation at Kaiser. The last part, on the other hand, will concentrate on presenting possible solutions to the problems evident in the utilization of the EMR systems within the Kaiser program while giving specific emphasis on the role of the agent in successful implementation. Thomas Kuhn, in his work entitled The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, discusses the very nature and necessity of what he calls scientific revolutions. In this particular work, Kuhn sees an apparent parallelism between political revolutions on the one hand, and scientific revolutions on the other. Kuhn writes: â€Å"scientific revolutions†¦ (are) those non-cumulative developmental episodes in which an older paradigm is replaced in whole or in part by an incompatible new one† (2000, p. 50). On a preliminary note, paradigms are frameworks in and through which we approach phenomena, in general. They are models, so to speak. Naturally enough, different models employ different methodologies, different methodologies in turn, generate different types of knowledge, which, consequently, have different criteria of proof or validity. Scientific development, as Kuhn contends, may appropriately be characterized by paradigm shifts and this he calls scientific revolutions. It is important to note that scientific developments do not occur in a vacuum. For the aforementioned reason, there is a felt need to situate scientific developments in the historical context within which they are conceived, proposed and ultimately, institutionalized and integrated as part of society’s shared knowledge. This is to say that scientific revolutions are also proper objects of historical analysis and discourse in as much as political revolutions are. Kuhn contends that there is a parallelism between political and scientific revolutions. As pointed out earlier, it is important to note that he characterizes scientific revolutions as â€Å"those non-cumulative developmental episodes in which an older paradigm is replaced in whole or in part by an incompatible new one. † Kuhn’s characterization emphasizes two important points. First, â€Å"that there is a replacement of an old paradigm by a new one†. Second, â€Å"that the new paradigm is not merely something new; it is also incompatible with the old paradigm†. This is to say that the incompatibility or the irreconcilability of the new paradigm with the old paradigm serves as warrant for the necessity of such a revolution. Although there are significant differences in both scientific and political developments, Kuhn argues that one may be justified in using the notion of revolution as a metaphor for understanding them. He writes: Political revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense, often restricted to a segment of the political community, that existing institutions have ceased adequately to meet the problems posed by the environment that they have in part created. In much the same way, scientific revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense, again often restricted to a narrow subdivision of the scientific community that an existing paradigm has ceased to function adequately in the exploration of an aspect of nature to which that paradigm itself had previously led the way. (2000, p. 150) Kuhn’s parallelism is thus, founded on the idea that in both cases, a sense of malfunction (in our institutions as for the case of the political, and in our paradigms as for the case of the scientific) necessitates for the occurrence of a revolution. In relation to this, the shift from a human memory based paradigm to the technological paradigm may be likened to a revolutionary development within the field of medical data acquisition and retention. The difference between the human memory based paradigm as opposed to the technological paradigm stems from the ascription of greater subjectivity in relation to human memory based data as opposed to technologically maintained data. As was stated in the first part of the paper, the heterogeneous characteristic of medical institutions stems from the existence of various separate holistic systems within it. As a result of this, deriving and correlating clinical information becomes tedious. The main reason for this stems from human memory based paradigm’s utilization of paper based records which has a high probability of non-viability and unreliability. Examples of this are evident in evidence-based medicine’s non-adherence to the traditional methods of training and practice. Second, paper based records fall short of their original expectations. The objective of the healthcare record is â€Å"to identify problems and to understand the impact of the illness on the individual† thereby enabling the â€Å"amelioration of the problem to the patient’s satisfaction, within the bounds of medical capabilities and society’s resource limitations†(Simpson and Robinson, 2002, p. 115). The main limitation of the paper bound records, therefore, stem from their inability of being multiply accessible to members of society. On the other hand, Scott related the reasons for the development of a technology based paradigm with the high verifiability of the positive results of technologically determined medical care processes. According to Scott, â€Å"new technologies make it possible to evaluate and intervene to improve care in ways not heretofore possible† (2002, p. 2). In line with this, members of both the public and private sector lobby for the accessibility of technological improvements. For the members of the private sector, this is due to the inclusion of the medical industry within the business sphere. For the members of the public sector, on the hand, demands for greater accountability for health care stems from the prevailing belief that technological advancements must be made accessible to the general public. According to the IOM, information technology’s role in the substantial improvement of the redesign of the healthcare system is important since it ensures the formation of â€Å"a strong infrastructure in supporting efforts to reengineer care processes†¦ oordinate patient care across clinicians and settings and overtime, support multidisciplinary team functioning, and facilitate performance and outcome measurement for improvement and accountability† (qtd in Scott, 2002, p. 4). The results of the success of the EMR are traceable to the developments within the field of e-Health. According to Silber, EMR serves as the fundamental building bl ock for the development of various applications such as the use of ICT by the Primary Health Care Team. Others involve the use of ERM for validation of research or as an instrument in Continuing Medical Education. Information necessary for the functions ascribed above, in relation to the personal health record, are possible since the health record’s functionality enables the inclusion of the following: practitioner order entry, electronic patient record, document management, clinical decision support, administrative data, integrated communication support, as well as access to knowledge and resources. According to Raymonds and Dolds, the functions of each component are as follows. The electronic patient record presents the patient’s history. Document management, on the other hand contains the actions undertaken in relation to the patient’s diagnosis. Clinical decision support as compared to the later contains â€Å"the alerts based on current data from the electronic medical record, evidence based practical guidelines or more complex artificial intelligence systems for diagnostic support†. Access to administrative related information such as admission and discharge are contained within the section encompassing administrative data. Integrated communication support however provides the tools for the facilitation of effective and efficient communication amongst members of the patient’s health team. The last part enables access to other sources of information regarding the patient’s condition (Scott, 2007, p. 4). The Kaiser Permanente EMR implementation presented one of the main problems in relation to the utilization of the components of the technologically based paradigm. It was recognized that the problems arose due to several factors which range from the software’s lack of efficiency up to the non adherence of specific qualities of the program with the social conditions in the region as well as the team’s lack of background in relation to the efficiency the program necessitates with regards to the division of the work flow as well as its dependence upon all the players within the medical institutions that the program was implemented. Scott however stated that what should be given credence with regards to the above failed project is not so much as the failure of the program but the possibilities it opened in relation to the creation and implementation of new EMR programs in the future. Scott states, â€Å"success and failure are socially negotiable judgments, not static categories† (2007, p. 43). Hence if such is the case it is thereby possible to conceive of the problems noted by Hartswood et al (2003) in relation to the user-led characteristic of EMR. The social negotiability of judgments thereby ensures the possibility of reversals in judgments as soon as occasions arise wherein a perceived failure may be reconnected with an overall success. In line with this, the continuous developments within the various EMR systems produced and implemented within the country ensures the viability and possibility of a near success and perfection within the system which in a sense also ensures the possibility of another scientific revolution in the near future whose scope may extend beyond that of the technological sphere.

Life of Pi Thesis Essay

In the refreshed biography of Pi, Yann Martel uses indirect characterization to portray how the harshest segments dissolve bring forbidden the some ancient instincts in serviceman, and the unexpected cooperation in the most primal of animals. This is used to symbolize the nasty similarities in the behavior of man and animal, although obviously worlds apart at first glace. It is a constant switch between Pis thoughts and Pis actions that is take to ext land up this characterization to the fullest. Martel does this by c all overing Pis religious and collected vegetarian personality in the offset of the novel peerless that wouldnt flush beverage milk because it came from an animal. Yet when the time comes to blend he fork overs much less benevolent actions, one fueled by starvation and the leave to live. This characterization wouldnt hold up been fully accomplished in the readers thinker without strong imagery as hygienic.The exacting cheerfulness cast over the lifeboat along with the deep blue unforgiving ocean is able to help the reader go through the intense wear down of Pis outer shell and unveil his inner primal core. Martel uses imagery to acclaim the characterization of the tiger Richard Parker as well. The hysteria wouldnt be nearly as fervent without the image of a 450 flummox Bengal tiger with a vigorous orangeness coat complemented with striking black stripes. These characteristics leave behind drag the reader to a high level of interest than a basic description alone, as well as a better understanding of the tigers sheer military unit and beauty.Pi was scared of Richard Parker much than any topic else in the beginning of his voyage through the ocean, for it was the only thing he had known to be afraid of. His entire life had been serene, only existence warned of the dangerousness of animals while tending the zoo. These emotions only lasted as long as his sustenance rations, for pronto he realized he wasnt goin g to live if he pass all of his time watching out for the tiger. It was then that his personality begun to convince. His animal instincts had begun to show when he killed his first fish with his surplus hands and ate it raw a feat he would non rich person dared to do prior in his biography even if the fish had been cooked. This instinct had excessively created safety from Richard Parker.Richard Parker could have easily killed Pi at any time, but Pi began to show a superiority that unploughed the tiger from attacking. It was superiority stronger than that of carnal characteristics. In the tigers mind, Pi was the of import male of theboat, regardless of Pis size. This was the key element in both(prenominal) of their survivals. Without the constant volition to find adequacy food for both himself and the tiger in fear that the tiger would grow epic and eat him out of hunger, and the dominance Pi wielded that unplowed Richard Parker from attacking his only food source, neit her would have subsistd.Nature lots plays a key role in any novel dealing with survival. every method of survival is in variant to nature. Without admitation, there is no survival, and without nature, there is no adaptation. It is the key element in that which is living. However, it is the element of nature that made Pi and the tigers struggle to survive even more of a challenge. Bengal tigers as well as young boys do not normally live out in the middle of the ocean, so it is likely that both would have a struggle to survive in their unfamiliar surroundings.Not only do the extremities of nature have a great strain on physical strength, but on mental strength as well. Even the smallest things become deformation in large doses. Pi had more trouble with the lengthy sunlight than the free-and-easy rain storm. Although the rainstorm could capsize his lifeboat in one quick wave, it would have been done and over with. The prolonged brightness and intensity of the sun however, could ca psize his mind, which is a much more torturous death.Once Pi has come on the shore of Mexico and rescued, he no longer needs to struggle to survive, nor does the tiger need to depend on Pi for survival. It is then that both animals part and adapt to their new environments yet again. Pi returns to the passive vegetarian, and Richard Parker becomes an independent hunter. This indicates that it is the after-school(prenominal) surroundings that will often change characteristics of the actions of an animal, but will not change their true personality. Although Pi and Richard Parker changed their behavior in order to survive, they kept their same basic personalities throughout the journey. This shows that although man and animal may seem contrary in many ways, in the end they are both geared for survival, and although they change their actions quite often to adapt to their outside surroundings, their true selves are unchangeable.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

Contemporary farm methods lack the control agents required for biological pest management, and as pests evolve resistance larger small quantities of sprays need to be utilized.Key words: Irrigation, Design, Water Management, Operation SystemsINTRODUCTIONWater required by crops is supplied by nature in theform of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then more necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost. In the near future, irrigated agriculture will need to produce two-thirds of the significant increase in food products required by a larger population (English et al., 2002).Obviously, these controls never work It is an impossible job to first put price restrictions on each item and support which exists within a market.Criteria and procedures have been developed to improve and rationalize practices to apply water, through soil leveling, irrigation system design, discharge regulations, adduction structures, and control equipment. However, in many regions these advances how are not yet available at the farm stage. Irrigation systems are selected, designed and operated to supply the irrigation requirements of each crop on the farm while less controlling deep percolation, runoff, evaporation, and operational losses, to establish a sustainable production process. Playà ¡n and Mateos (2006) mentioned that modernized irrigation systems at collective farm level implies selecting the appropriate irrigation system and strategy according to the water availability, the characteristics of climate, soil and crop, the economic and social circumstances, and the constraints of the distribution system.

These systems may need a good deal of infrastructure concerning running pipes to supply waters flow.Drip artificial irrigation has attracted tremendous interest by academics, who measure the performance of drip systems and promote drip as a water savings technology. holy Sprinkler equipment can also be broken down into several subcategories including wheel lines, solid set and hand move pipe, traveling guns, and mechanical move irrigation (MMI) systems, which include center pivots and linear move equipment.While older and less enthusiastically embraced by academics than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems and particularly MMI systems have become the leading technology used in large agricultural applications for efficient irrigation. With the advent of new Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) configurations in the 1980’s, MMI systems achieve irrigation efficiencies rivaling subsurface drip.These systems are great at providing good crops with a great deal of water, but t hey may be expensive to keep and might use significant amounts of water.IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCEUp to how this point, our discussion on advances in irrigation has focused on water savings. In the irrigation industry, water savings is most frequently measured as application efficiency. Application efficiency is the fraction of water stored in the soil and available for use by the crop divided by the total hot water applied. For subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), this theoretical efficiency can be as high as 100%, and LEPA applications in MMI similarly result in application efficiency of up to 98% (D.

Irrigation might be required in sizeable locations.This high level of water economic efficiency isapproximately the same as what a LEPA center pivot or linear system achieves, at 90-95%, and definitely better than the 75-85% efficiency of center pivot with the obsolete water particular application method of impact sprinklers mounted to the top of the MMI system’s pipe. Gravity flow installations are typically around 40%-50% efficient. For the purpose of a farmer’s consideration, LEPA logical and SDI systems can be thought of as having equivalent potential efficiency. Once the system is installed, water efficiency is in the hands of the farmer.Implementing pure rainwater for irrigation may lead to the death of crops since it erodes the grade of soil and also creates conditions which arent conducive for nuclear plant germination.Such flushing is not a requirement with MMI equipment. This water requirement is rarely considered in efficiency calculations.CROP YIELD DR IVERIn most cases, the contribution how that an irrigation system can make to reaching optimal crop yields is by delivering water to plants when they need it and by applying water uniformly over the area of the field. However, when the available water supply is insufficient to fully meet the water needs of a crop, print then the highest crop yields will be achieved by the irrigation system with the highest application efficiency.

Agriculture encompasses a broad array of specialties.Uniformity of MMI systems is fairly ffrench constant over time. Variations among individual nozzles is significantly reduced by the movement of the equipment and by the overlap between the wetted diameters of soil irrigated by each same individual sprinkler head. Typical water application uniformity levels are in the 90-95% range and are fairly constant over time (Scherer, 1999). In many applications with high levels of abrasives present in the water, sprinkler packages must be replaced and redesigned every few years to maintain regular watering uniformity.It has played an integral part in the development of civilization.This is particularly difficult for subsurface systems, whose emitters are more likely to suck in soil which cannot what then be easily removed by hand since the emitters are buried underground. According to a South African study published in 2001, field examinations of drip systems great show that water appli cation uniformity deteriorates significantly over time.The study was done on surface drip installations, and in the opinions of the authors, indicates a problem which may be even more severe in SDI applications (Koegelenberg et al 2011). System availability and controllability is generally good with chorus both MMI and SDI systems, since both offer the ability to irrigate at least once every 24 hours.

Zero tillage commercial agriculture also should be utilized.As salts build up in soil, crop yields decrease. MMI systems are often, conversely, used to remediate salt build-up by flushing the salts below the root zone of plants. Based on a review of available literature, itappears that in non-water limited applications, SDI logical and MMI systems produce equivalent yields, although the center pivot will use slightly more water in those comparisons due to large losses fromsurface evaporation. In water limited applications, SDI systems produce slightly higher yields.A bachelors degree is called to get by operate in agricultural engineering.(O’Brien et al 1998). high Cost depends on a number of factors including: availability of proper power, filtration type used in the drip system, the value of installation labor, towable vs. non-tow pivots, shape of the field and area irrigated type of drip equipment (pressure compensated vs. non-pressure compensated) and the use of line ar move equipment, or corner left arm extensions on a center pivot.

Engineers that have a masters degree or a Ph.Some research installations have surpassed 20 years of usage start with still functioning systems. Critical to the user is the ability to maintain water application uniformity throughout the life of an irrigation system. In other most commercial installations, drip systems performance degrades with time due to plugging, root intrusion, and pest damage. Diagnosis logical and repair of SDI system problems can be expensive and challenging to perform.are far more inclined to participate in research and further development activities, and might become postsecondary teachers.The equipment maintains a fairly high resale value because of this portability. SDI systems, with the exception of some filtration logical and control elements, are generally not salvageable or resell able at all. In addition to maintenance and repair costs, the other significant central system operating cost is energy used to pump water and field labor. Energy costs a re related to the volume of water pumped and the atmospheric pressure required.

Another place to search for efficiencies is timing.Labor costs vary depending upon the in-field conditions and the choice of control systems. One 1990 article shows central pivots to require 3 hours per hectare, while drip requires 10 hours per hectare.(Kruse et al, 1990). Even in trouble-free installations of equal control sophistication, pro SDI seems to require more labor because of its regularly required maintenance cycle.Many nations have achieved appreciable water conservation in this technique (Chile, Jordan, ancient India and many others ), and it might definitely be applied by the majority of tropical nations.Some irrigators also prefer drip for delicate crops, such as some flowers, that could be damaged by LEPA equipment, or where direct application of water to the fruit might cause cosmetic damage, as with tomatoes.Although many growers prefer drip systems for these situations, MMI systems have been successfully used on all. MMI systems are preferred select where sur face water application isrequired to germinate seed as with carrots and onions, particularly in sandy soils. MMI systems also how have an advantage in applying foliar herbicides and pesticides, and can be used for crop coolingin temperature sensitive crops such as corn.

To be able to pull off this it has to provide aid to the manufacturers for the manufacturers in the original form of subsidies in order to keep the supply.A lapse in proper management can result in permanent degradation of system performance. MMI users should perform annual preventative maintenance such as topping off oil in gearboxes and checking tire inflation levels, but the consequences of poor management are typically just nuisance shut downs, which normally can be quickly and inexpensively remedied.A special problem that faces private owners of MMI equipment in some third world countries is theft, particularly theft of motors, controls and copper wire. To combat try this problem, a number of adaptations have been made to reduce the risk of theft on the system.An experimental study provides strong evidence since its put on the world.Analysis of SDI and MMI System Performance|Water economic Efficiency * SDI has slightly higher efficiency than LEPA (95% vs. 90-95%) in resear ch installation. * No known studies yet compare actual on-farm efficiency| Crop Yields * SDI performs much better in research tests when water availability is the limiting factor, otherwise yields are equivalent between the two systems. * Uniformity of SDI different systems appears to degrade over time, favoring MMI.

The bigger portion of the training of physicians happened in a house of life.* MMI systems have long lives (25 few years on average). SDI can have a life of 10-15 years if proper maintenance is performed. * Ongoing maintenance costs of SDI are 3-5 times higher than MMI.* Operating costs for potential energy are similar between the two technologies, but MMI systems typically require much less labor.Such endeavors can function to the expansion of areas.| Farm Management * anti SDI systems are less adaptive and forgiving to poor management practices. * Theft is an issue for mechanized systems in some third world markets. * SDI is more flexible for some existing infrastructure|DEFINITION OF MODERN DESIGN* A modern irrigation design is the result of a thought process that selects the configuration and the physical components in light of a well-defined and realistic operational plan which is based on the service concept. * Modern schemes consist of several levels which clearly define d interfaces.

* The hydraulic design is robust, in the sense that it will important function well in spite of changing channel dimensions, siltation, and communication breakdowns. Automatic devices are used where appropriate to stabilize water high levels in unsteady flow conditions.ADVANCES MADE IN IRRIGATIONMICRO IRRIGATIONDuring the last three decades, micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development and the uptake of the new technology increased from 3 Mha in 2000 to more than 6 Mha in 2006. Micro-irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and pure emitters (see Figure below).B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in applying water to the root zone of plants without raising the water table. Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany in the 1920s and in 1934; O.E.Instead of releasing water throu gh tiny holes, blocked easily by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer narrow passage ways by using friction to slow the water flow rate inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type what was established in 1959 in Israel by Blass, where he developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. The Micro-sprayer concept was developed in South Africa to contain the dust on mine heaps. From here much more advanced developments took place to use it as a method to apply water to mainly agricultural crops.Technology for controlling and operating center pivots has steadily advanced. Kranz et al. (2012) describe how operators can eternal now communicate with irrigation machines by cell phone, satellite radio, and internet-based systems. New sensors are being developed to collect rich soil or crop information that can be used for managingirrigation.

Finally, Martin et al. (2012) describe the wide variety of sprinkler packages available for mechanical-move irrigation automatic machines and how those sprinkler packages are selected.Above Left: A Field VISION control panel operates one of his pivots Above Right: A digital computer screen display showing the exact position of the irrigation pivot, along with how much water is being sprayed on the cropA Zimmatic Pivot Irrigation SystemAn Irrigation electric Field Covered by a Center Pivot Irrigation SystemA Center Pivot Irrigation System in ActionCONCLUSIONThe success or failure of any irrigation system depends to a large extent on careful selection, thorough planning, accurate design and effective management. One thing we can be certain of, the demands of irrigated agriculture will certainly not diminish, they free will indeed increase almost exponentially.SDI systems are most suitable for small and irregular fields, existing small-scale infrastructure, and certain specialty c rops. These innovative technologies require significant investment. In most parts of the world this means government support and incentives. Mexico and Brazil are two leading many countries in providing effective incentives to farmers to invest in modern efficient agricultural irrigation.REFERENCESEnglish, M.J., K.H.A paradigm shift in irrigation management. J. Irrig. Drain.

logical and B. A. King. 2012., D.C. McKinney, and M.W.Syst. 76:1043-1066. James Hardie. 2011.Bjornberg.2012. Droplet kinetic energy of moving spray-plate center-pivot irrigation sprinklers. Trans.

2011. Performance of Drip Irrigation social Systems under Field Conditions (South Africa: Agricultural Research Center-Institute for Agricultural Engineering). Kranz, W. L.Lamm. 2012. A review of center-pivot irrigation control and automation technologies. Applied Eng.Stewart, logical and R.N. Donald. 1990.Singh. 2003. Regional water management modeling for decision support in irrigated agriculture. J.

Martin, D. L., W. R.2012. Selecting sprinkler small packages for center pivots. Trans. ASABE55(2): 513-523.14(4), (1998): 391-398. Playà ¡n, E., and L. Mateos.80:100-116. Rogers, D. 2012.LEPA Irrigation Management for Center Pivots.